What Is Type 3 Diabetes?

From goodrx.com 

Key takeaways:

• Type 3 diabetes is a term that describes the effects of diabetes in the brain. 

• People with diabetes have a higher risk of dementia. For some, the risk for dementia and diabetes may both be linked to their genetics.

• Caring for your diabetes is the best way to prevent or slow the progression of Type 3 diabetes, or diabetes-related dementia.

Many people know about Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. But maybe you’ve also heard the term “Type 3 diabetes.” It’s not a new kind of diabetes, or a diagnosis you will see in your medical chart. It’s a term that describes the effects of diabetes on the brain. 

Here, we’ll talk about the connection between diabetes and dementia. And how you can lower your risks and optimize the health of both your body and your brain. 

What is Type 3 diabetes?

Most people with diabetes don’t have dementia. But they have a higher risk for it over time. People with Type 2 diabetes have a 40% to 60% greater chance of Alzheimer’s dementia. And the risk of vascular dementia is around 90% higher for people with Type 2 diabetes compared to people without diabetes.

In Type 2 diabetes, the cells in the body don’t use insulin effectively. That can lead to organ damage over time. Recent research shows that the same thing can happen to brain cells. Brain cells that have trouble using insulin don’t work as well as they should. That can result in problems with thinking and memory. Type 3 diabetes is a way to talk about the brain changes that happen for some people with Type 2 diabetes. 

Is Type 3 diabetes different from Alzheimer’s disease?

Type 3 diabetes isn’t the same thing as Alzheimer’s disease. But there’s still a connection between the two conditions.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. The biggest risk factor for Alzheimer’s is older age. But diabetes is a risk factor as well. 

There’s more to learn about the exact ways that diabetes affects brain cells. But people who have had high blood sugar for longer periods of time have a greater risk of dementia than those whose sugar levels are well managed. People who have more episodes of hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar, also have a higher risk. 

Most studies on diabetes and dementia have looked at people with Type 2 diabetes, which is much more common than Type 1 diabetes. But one large review found that people with Type 1 diabetes may also have a 50% higher risk of dementia as they age. 

For some people, there may be a shared genetic risk for both Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. One gene, called APOE4, is a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. It turns out that the same gene may affect how the brain uses insulin. 

People with Alzheimer’s disease are also more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, researchers have also noticed that dementia in some people with diabetes progresses more slowly. And it looks a little different on tests like CT scans and MRIs. This subset of people often have more muscle loss and weakness, and may need to use more insulin. Research in this area may help to develop new kinds of treatment.

How is Type 3 diabetes different from other types of diabetes?

There are four main types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes happens more often in children and young adults. It’s an autoimmune condition that damages the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes have to use insulin every day. 

• Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults. The body’s cells don’t use insulin well, which leads to higher blood sugar. Type 2 diabetes is treated with diet, exercise, and medications that may or may not include insulin. 

• Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that happens during pregnancy. Glucose levels may return to normal after pregnancy. But people with gestational diabetes have a higher risk for Type 2 diabetes later on.

• Other types that result from taking certain medications or having other medical conditions. These can sometimes lead to high blood sugar. Of note, diabetes that results from a pancreatic disease is sometimes called “Type 3c” diabetes. This isn’t the same as Type 3 diabetes. 

Type 3 isn’t a diagnosed form of diabetes. It’s a way to think about the insulin resistance and damage to brain cells that occur in some people with diabetes.

Can Type 3 diabetes be prevented or treated?

Yes, there are things you can do to prevent Type 3 diabetes. Caring for your diabetes lowers dementia risk.

Things you can do to lower your risks include:

• Aim for blood sugar levels within the target range: Blood glucose that is too high or too low is risky for brain cells.

• Manage blood pressure and cholesterol: These conditions often go along with Type 2 diabetes. Managing them also supports brain health.

• Eat a balanced and nutritious diet: Eating plans like the MIND diet, DASH diet, and Mediterranean diet all have evidence for both diabetes management and brain health.

• Stay active: Doing regular physical activity helps manage blood glucose and blood pressure. And it improves memory, focus, and mood.

• Ask about medications: If you have diabetes, talk with a healthcare professional about medications that might also support brain health. Some, including GLP-1s like semaglutide (Ozempic), may help lower the risk of dementia. 

• Avoid smoking and heavy alcohol use: Smoking and alcohol both increase the risk for Alzheimer’s disease. 

• Optimize your sleep: Getting at least 7 hours of quality sleep at night helps to protect brain cells.

• Keep your social connections active: People who have limited contact with others may have an increased risk of dementia.

• Get support for stress, anxiety, and depression: Treating depression can lower the risk of Alzheimer’s. And it can also improve symptoms for people who have dementia.

The bottom line

Type 3 diabetes isn’t something you’re diagnosed with. It’s a way to recognize and study the links between Type 2 diabetes and dementia. Genetics is a risk factor for both diabetes and dementia. But there are also many risk factors that can be modified. Good nutrition, an active lifestyle, and partnering with healthcare professionals can support the health of your brain and your body.

https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/diabetes/what-is-type-3-diabetes

Diabetes and Alzheimer’s: separating fact from fiction

From diabetesaustralia.com.au

You may have heard that diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease are linked. This connection can sound concerning, especially if you are living with diabetes. But understanding what the research shows can help separate facts from myths, and help you focus on what supports long‑term health. Credentialled Diabetes Educator and Registered Nurse, Carolien Koreneff, explains.

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a condition that affects the brain. It causes problems with memory, thinking, language, and daily activities. These changes usually develop slowly and become more noticeable over time.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. It is not a normal part of ageing, although increasing age is a major risk factor.

How is diabetes linked with Alzheimer’s disease?

Research has consistently shown that people living with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease compared with people who do not have diabetes. One of the main reasons is insulin resistance.

Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose (sugar) move from the bloodstream into the body’s cells so it can be used for energy. This includes brain cells.

In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes less sensitive to insulin, this is more commonly referred to as insulin resistance. Research suggests that similar insulin resistance can also occur in the brain.

When brain cells do not respond well to insulin:

• Less glucose can enter brain cells
• Brain cells may struggle to get the energy they need
• Over time, this can affect memory, reasoning, and judgement

What is “type 3 diabetes”?

You may see Alzheimer’s disease described as “type 3 diabetes”. This term is sometimes used in research to describe insulin resistance in the brain and its possible role in Alzheimer’s disease.

It is important to be clear that:

• “Type 3 diabetes” is not an official medical diagnosis
• It is not recognised as a form of diabetes
• The term is used mainly in research settings, not in clinical care

Diabetes Australia cautions against using this term outside of research because it can be confusing and misleading for people living with diabetes.

Does having diabetes mean you will get Alzheimer’s disease?

No. Having diabetes does not mean you will develop Alzheimer’s disease.

While studies suggest that people with type 2 diabetes have a 50–65% higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, many people with diabetes never develop dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease also occurs in people who do not have diabetes. The risk is influenced by many factors, including:

• Age
• Genetics
• Cardiovascular health
• Physical activity levels
• Education and lifelong learning

Diabetes is just one risk factor among many, not a direct cause.

Why glucose management matters for brain health

The brain is a very energy‑dependent organ. Even though it makes up only around 2% of body weight, it uses about 20% of the body’s glucose supply to support thinking, memory, attention, and decision‑making.

Very high or very low blood glucose levels can affect brain function in the short term, leading to:

• Difficulty concentrating
• Slower thinking
• Confusion or fatigue

Over many years, long‑term high glucose can also damage blood vessels, including those supplying the brain, which may increase the risk of cognitive decline.

What supports brain health for people with diabetes?

The encouraging news is that many actions that support diabetes management also support brain health.

Physical activity

Regular physical activity:

• Improves insulin sensitivity throughout the body and brain
• Increases blood flow to the brain
• Supports the formation and maintenance of brain connections

Research suggests regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease by up to 50% and may slow progression when cognitive changes are already present.

Glucose management

Keeping glucose levels within your individual target range, as much as possible, helps protect blood vessels, nerves and brain function.

Targets should always be personalised and discussed with your health care team.

Heart and vascular health

High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking all increase the risk of both diabetes complications and dementia. Managing these factors supports both heart and brain health.

Mental and social engagement

Staying socially connected and mentally active through learning, conversation, hobbies, and problem‑solving helps build brain resilience and supports cognitive health.

A supportive message

Hearing about a link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease can be worrying. It is important to remember:

• Diabetes is manageable
• Risk is not fixed
• Lifestyle and medical care make a real difference

If you notice changes in memory or thinking, or if you are concerned about brain health, speak with your GP, diabetes educator, or health care team. Early conversations can lead to reassurance, support, and practical strategies.

Key take‑home points

• Alzheimer’s disease is linked to insulin resistance in the brain, not just ageing
• “Type 3 diabetes” is a research term, not a diagnosis
• Diabetes increases risk but does not make Alzheimer’s disease inevitable
• Physical activity, glucose management, and cardiovascular health support brain health

https://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/blog/diabetes-and-alzheimers-disease/ 

Guarding Your Independence With Type 2 Diabetes: 7 Risks and Solutions

From everydayhealth.com

Type 2 diabetes doesn’t necessarily lead to a loss of independence on its own. But diabetes complications such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive decline can make it harder to maintain your quality of life on your own.

Mitigating and avoiding these risks starts with blood sugar control and weight management, but good diabetes management can go a step further. Other solutions can include exercising, sleeping right, and even staying socially active.

1. Risk: Vision Loss

Eyesight can be an essential part of maintaining your quality of life. But poorly managed blood sugar increases your risk of diabetic retinopathy, damage to the blood vessels in your eye’s retina that can lead to vision loss and blindness.

When insulin isn’t working effectively, too much sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, this can damage blood vessels throughout the body, says Charles Barron Jr., MD, chief medical officer of Friend Health, a provider for medically underserved communities in Chicago. 

“The eyes have very small blood vessels, and when we can't get blood flow to them, cellular death starts to occur,” Dr. Barron says.

More than 9.5 million people in the United States have diabetic retinopathy, including 26 percent of people with diabetes. It threatens the vision of 1.84 million of those people, about 5 percent of people with diabetes.

About 1 in 14 people with diabetes also develop diabetes-related macular edema, swelling in the macula (the central part of your retina) that can lead to blindness. It is the leading cause of vision loss among people with diabetes, says Jennifer Cheng, MD, chief of endocrinology at Hackensack Meridian Health in Neptune, New Jersey. 

Solution: Get Your Blood Sugar and Blood Pressure Under Control

Managing your blood sugar effectively is key for reducing your risk of diabetes complications, and vision loss is no exception. If you have hypertension, or high blood pressure, lowering your blood pressure could slow the progression of vision issues. Eating healthy foods, exercising regularly, losing excess weight, and taking prescribed medication can help. Injections or lasers can also treat macular edema.

2. Risk: Muscle Weakness (Sarcopenia)

Age-related loss of muscle mass and function, or sarcopenia, affects more than half of people age 80 and older. It can lead to depression, falls, and bone fractures, all of which can reduce your ability to get around on your own.

Type 2 diabetes can speed up this process, which makes it harder for you to control your blood sugar and to be physically active — leading to additional diabetes complications.

In fact, more than 22 percent of people age 50 and older with type 2 diabetes have sarcopenia, compared with 8.8 percent of people who do not have type 2 diabetes. Dr. Cheng says that the following factors contribute to this increased risk of muscle breakdown:

• Insulin resistance
• Chronic inflammation
• Increased accumulation of harmful substances in muscle fibres caused by high blood sugar 

Your risk may be greater if you have the following conditions:

• High blood pressure
• Low calcium levels
• Nerve damage
• Low amount of physical activity

Solution: Strength-Building Exercise

Regardless of your age, building strength can help maintain muscle mass and manage type 2 diabetes. Two or three resistance-training sessions each week can improve blood sugar control and help your body use insulin efficiently. You don’t even need to go to the gym and use heavy equipment to get results. Barron recommends using a can of food as a dumbbell and performing flexing exercises (think curls or overhead presses) to maintain strength. 

3. Risk: Foot Problems

People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of foot issues, from poor circulation to rare and serious conditions such as Charcot foot, that make it difficult or impossible to walk. About 15 percent of people with diabetes get diabetic foot ulcers, usually on the bottom of the foot. Although often preventable, they can lead to amputation in 14 to 24 percent of cases.

Foot issues can be the result of nerve damage or peripheral artery disease, which can reduce blood flow in your feet and can make it harder for foot sores to heal.

“The toes have very small blood vessels, and when circulation is compromised, these areas are particularly vulnerable,” says Barron, adding that doctors typically check your toes and feet for sensation changes and look for evidence of decreased blood flow.

Solution: Daily Foot Care

Wear shoes or socks around the house, and avoid going barefoot or exposing your feet to extreme temperatures, Barron says. Check your feet every day to prevent small problems from becoming large ones. If you develop a foot sore or ulcer, preventing infection by keeping it clean, bandaged, and medicated (when prescribed) is your best bet to avoid complications. Your doctor may refer you to a podiatrist or wound-care specialist for additional treatment.

4. Risk: Severe Hypoglycaemia

Medications that treat type 2 diabetes can lower blood sugar levels, but they can also cause levels to drop too low, known as hypoglycemia. These medications include sulfonylureas and insulin.

Symptoms include hunger, shakiness, and confusion. Though mild cases of hypoglycaemia can be treated with a sugary snack or drink, severe cases of hypoglycaemia cause a risk of losing consciousness, Barron says.

If you are at least 70 years old and have type 2 diabetes, you have an increased risk of being hospitalized for severe hypoglycaemia while taking insulin or sulfonylureas. The risk increases with age.

Solution: More Blood Sugar Testing

Testing blood sugar more frequently helps you make better decisions about medication. Barron says that doctors may monitor your blood sugar levels remotely to gauge blood sugar control more accurately. Continuous glucose monitors give you real-time updates and alarms so you can learn quickly if you have hypoglycaemia.

5. Risk: Chronic Fatigue

“Chronic fatigue is a prevalent and often overlooked symptom in type 2 diabetes, significantly eroding quality of life,” Cheng says. 

This is because high blood sugar from untreated type 2 diabetes affects your ability to convert sugar into energy. The build-up of sugar also causes your kidneys to work harder, leading to frequent urination that can interrupt your sleep.

Being overweight or having obesity can contribute to fatigue, as your body may have to work harder to perform everyday tasks.

Sleep comes into play, as well. People with type 2 diabetes often sleep poorly and wake frequently during the night, Barron says. These sleep issues, including obstructive sleep apnoea and insomnia, can contribute to fatigue.

Solution: Good Sleep Hygiene

Prioritize habits that lead to better sleep:

• Don't use electronic devices before bed.
• Exercise during the day.
• Keep blood sugar and blood pressure levels consistent.
• Limit daytime naps of more than 30 minutes.
• Create a comfortable sleep environment, free of light and noise.

In addition, talk to your doctor about getting tested and potentially treated for sleep apnea, a condition in which your airway is completely or partially obstructed during sleep. About 7 in 10 people with type 2 diabetes have obstructive sleep apnoea, which your healthcare team can help you treat.

6. Risk: Cognitive Decline

Losing mental function, such as memory, language, reasoning, and judgment, can limit your ability to do things on your own. Cognitive impairment increases as you age, and it is more common in people with type 2 diabetes, especially those age 65 and older. Risk factors may include obesity, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.

Informally, the progressive brain disorder Alzheimer’s disease is sometimes called type 3 diabetes. The long-term blood sugar problems linked to diabetes may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s and speed memory loss by interfering with how brain cells function.

“Insulin resistance can impair brain cell function and communication,” Cheng says. “If there is not enough sugar in the brain, then there could be damage, especially with severe hypoglycaemia.”

Solution: Brain Stimulation

Maintaining stable blood sugar and staying mentally active can support brain health and functional independence, Barron says. Stimulating activities for your brain include playing cards or board games, learning a new language, trying a new recipe, visiting a new vacation spot, and even planning a dinner party. Trying new things can help your brain form new connections.

7. Risk: Social Isolation

Loneliness can affect quality of life and independence in many ways: Not only can it increase the risk of cognitive decline and conditions such as type 2 diabetes but it also affects mental health — with lonely people being twice as likely to get depressed.

People with type 2 diabetes are especially vulnerable to loneliness and social isolation, with nearly 20 percent of people with the condition also experiencing intense loneliness.

“From a social perspective, people may decline to go out because they feel like they're not going to be able to eat freely, they're embarrassed because they may have to check blood sugar, or [they experience] different social aspects that can impact whether they want to spend time with others,” Barron says. 

People who feel isolated or lonely are more likely to develop diabetes-related problems such as kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye damage than those who are more socially connected. In fact, the risk is about as strong as those associated with smoking, high blood pressure, and low physical activity.

Solution: Explore and Expand Your Community

To get a sense of belonging, take a class to learn something new with others, schedule time each day to stay in touch with family or friends, consider adopting a pet if you can care for one, introduce yourself to your neighbours, or join a community cause to get involved. It's also important to educate your family members and friends about type 2 diabetes so they can help you navigate certain situations, without putting pressure on you to do something you can’t because of the disease, Barron says. 

The Takeaway

• Effective management of type 2 diabetes, including control of your blood sugar level and weight, can substantially reduce the risk of complications that threaten your independence.
• If you do not control your blood sugar well, you may risk changes to your vision, muscle mass, and cognitive abilities, as well as foot problems, hypoglycaemia, and fatigue.
• In addition to good blood sugar control and metabolic health, solutions such as ensuring that your blood pressure is under control, exercising, and even staying socially active can help mitigate risks of complications.
• Talk to your healthcare team about the best ways to manage your type 2 diabetes and what change you can make to maintain and improve your quality of life.

https://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/guarding-your-independence-with-type-2-diabetes/ 

Could 'Type 3' diabetes harm your brain? What your blood sugar levels mean for Alzheimer’s risk

From gulfnews.com

'Type 3' points to a brain that cannot handle insulin properly

For years, diabetes has been seen as a condition that affects the body — blood sugar, insulin, weight, and long-term heart health. But new research is pointing to a surprising connection: the brain. Some scientists have even given this overlap a provocative nickname: 'Type 3 diabetes.'

It’s not an official medical diagnosis, but the term reflects growing evidence that insulin resistance in the brain may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease. And, this link is too important to ignore.

What is Type 3 diabetes?

Hala Zakaria, Senior Research Coordinator at GluCare.Health by meta[bolic], explains: “Type 3 diabetes’ is an informal, research-driven term describing Alzheimer’s disease as a result of brain-specific insulin resistance. It does not describe classic diabetes affecting blood glucose.”

The distinction matters. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune attack on the pancreas, Type 2 stems from systemic insulin resistance, and 'Type 3' points to a brain that can’t respond to insulin properly, which may contribute to cognitive decline. Neurologist Dr. Bobby Jose from Medcare Royal Specialty Hospital sums it up: “‘Type 3 diabetes’ emphasises the idea that disrupted insulin signalling in the brain may contribute to Alzheimer’s pathology.”

A growing body of evidence

The link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s is no longer just speculation. In fact, as Zakaria explains, meta-analyses show 56 per cent higher risk of Alzheimer's and 73 per cent higher risk of dementia in patients with Diabetes compared to non-diabetics.

But not everyone with diabetes faces the same risk. People with long-standing disease, poor glycaemic control, obesity, vascular issues, or insulin resistance are particularly vulnerable. Zakaria adds, “The more uncontrolled one is, the higher the risk."

A 2012 study in the Journal of Clinical Investigation showed that people with Alzheimer’s disease have brain insulin resistance, especially in the hippocampus, even if they don’t have diabetes. This resistance is linked to IRS-1 dysfunction and reduced IGF-1 signalling, which interfere with how brain cells use energy. Higher levels of these markers were associated with worse memory and cognitive decline, suggesting insulin resistance in the brain may contribute directly to Alzheimer’s progression.

What’s happening inside the brain

The brain runs on glucose. When insulin — the hormone that helps cells use glucose — isn’t working properly, nerve cells struggle. As both the experts explain: Brain insulin resistance refers to impaired insulin signalling specifically within cells in the brain. This mainly impacts how brain cells use energy, how we think and remember, and processes that contribute to nerve cell damage.”

Even when blood sugar is normal, studies show people with Alzheimer’s have reduced insulin sensitivity in the brain. The result: Cells struggle to use glucose efficiently, leading to energy shortages, weaker connections between neurons, and trouble forming new memories. That energy deficit also triggers inflammation and abnormal protein buildup — hallmarks of Alzheimer’s. Dr. Jose echoes this: “Nerve cells struggle to communicate, inflammation increases, and toxic proteins accumulate more easily.”

Why early intervention matters

While diabetes hasn’t been proven to cause Alzheimer’s, the correlation is strong enough that experts recommend proactive measures. Zakaria says:
“Early and effective diabetes management has definite potential in reducing overall cognitive decline.” Moreover, large studies show that poor glycaemic control significantly increases dementia risk.

Yet, there’s a glaring gap: “There are currently no formal guidelines recommending routine Alzheimer’s screening in people with diabetes,” she points out.

Detecting Alzheimer’s early

New blood tests measuring a protein called p-Tau217, such as GluCare. Health plasma p-Tau217 test, are emerging as some of the earliest indicators of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, research from the National Institutes of Health shows these tests can be nearly as accurate as spinal fluid tests and brain scans, with diagnostic performance around 92–97 per cent.

What is p-Tau217?

It’s a specific form of the tau protein in the brain. Tau normally helps support and stabilise nerve cells, but in Alzheimer’s, it becomes abnormal and 'phosphorylated,' forming clumps that interfere with communication and contribute to memory loss.

The p-Tau217 blood test measures this protein in the bloodstream — a far easier, less invasive alternative to spinal fluid tests or PET scans. Some research even shows elevated p-Tau217 levels up to 20 years before symptoms appear. Doctors often use this to flag high-risk individuals, then confirm findings with imaging or spinal fluid tests, according to a study titled Plasma Phosphorylated Tau 217 to Identify Preclinical Alzheimer Disease, in JAMA Network.

Another tool is the p-Tau217 to β-amyloid ratio, used in tests like Lumipulse G, approved by the FDA for adults over 55 with memory symptoms.

This test looks at both tau changes and amyloid build-up, the two main Alzheimer’s markers. In fact, it predicts Alzheimer’s with about 92 per cent positive and 97 per cent negative accuracy compared with PET or spinal fluid tests, offering a much less invasive option.

Currently, however, these tests are approved only for people with symptoms, though research hints at future preclinical use.

The risk increases in people with poor glycaemic control, long disease duration, obesity, vascular co-morbidities, and insulin resistance, as well as older adults. The more uncontrolled one is, the higher the risk...

Hala ZakariaSenior Research Coordinator at GluCare.Health

When insulin isn’t working properly in the brain, nerve cells struggle to communicate, inflammation increases, and toxic proteins such as amyloid-beta and tau accumulate more easily processes that contribute to memory loss and cognitive decline....

Bobby Josespecialist in neuro-surgery of Medcare Royal Speciality Hospital

Should people with diabetes check their brain health?

Both experts say yes. Zakaria stresses: “Periodic cognitive assessment as part of clinical care is advisable,” while Dr. Jose adds, “It is generally better to monitor cognitive health regularly, because diabetes, particularly poorly controlled diabetes, significantly increases the risk.”

Can diabetes treatments help?

Research is promising but still early. Dr. Jose notes, “Insulin therapy, GLP-1 agonists, and metformin have been studied. While the evidence is promising, these treatments are not yet approved specifically for Alzheimer’s.”

Zakaria echoes this: managing diabetes through medication and lifestyle changes may lower Alzheimer’s risk, but no trial has yet shown a direct prevention effect.

Diabetes doesn’t cause Alzheimer’s — but it does make the brain more vulnerable. Experts argue that maintaining good metabolic health, keeping blood sugar, blood pressure, and weight under control, remains one of the most important ways to protect long-term brain health.

https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/could-type-3-diabetes-harm-your-brain-what-your-blood-sugar-levels-mean-for-alzheimers-risk-1.500377397